Outcome prediction from the first examination in clinical mastitis using ultrasonography in dairy cows.

The aim of this study was to examine whether ultrasonography can be used to predict the outcome of clinical mastitis in dairy cows. Forty-seven mastitic quarters of Holstein-Friesian cows were examined using ultrasonography at the time of the first examination. In mastitic mammary tissue, three sonographic signs indicating tissue abnormality were found: a hyperechoic spot in the parenchyma area, structural changes to the milk duct, and non-homogeneous parenchyma. Logistic regression was used to evaluate whether the abnormal findings in the sonographic images can be used to predict the outcome of clinical mastitis. The outcomes of clinical mastitis were defined by the return, or failure to return, to marketable milk production. The sonogram finding of non-homogeneous parenchyma in the first examination did predict the outcome of clinical mastitis, whereas the type of systemic symptoms (severe or moderate) was not a predictor in this regression model. Therefore, ultrasound examinations of mammary glands in the first examination could be a useful method for predicting outcome of clinical mastitis. There is an economic benefit if ultrasound examination in first examination helps in the decision of whether or not to treat the mastitic cows.

Poly[[di-aqua-deca-µ2-cyanido-κ(20) C:N-hexa-cyanido-κ(6) C-bis-(µ2-5-methyl-pyrimidine-κ(2) N:N')bis-(5-methyl-pyrimidine-κN)tricopper(II)ditungstate(V)] dihydrate].

In the title complex, {[Cu3[W(CN)8]2(C5H6N2)4(H2O)2]·2H2O} n , the coordination polyhedron of the eight-coordinated W(V) atom is a bicapped trigonal prism, in which five CN groups are bridged to Cu(II) ions, and the other three CN groups are terminally bound. Two of the Cu(II) ions lie on a centre of inversion and each of the three independent Cu(II) cations is pseudo-octahedrally coordinated. In the crystal structure, cyanido-bridged-Cu-W-Cu layers are linked by pillars involving the third independent Cu(II) ion, generating a three-dimensional network with non-coordinating water mol-ecules and 5-methyl-pyrimidine mol-ecules. O-H⋯O and O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds involve the coordinating and non-coordin-ating water mol-ecules, the CN groups and the 5-methyl-pyrimidine mol-ecules.

Poly[aqua-hexa-benzimidazole-octa-µ-cyanido-octa-cyanidotricopper(II)ditungstate(V)].

In the polymeric title compound, [Cu(3)W(2)(CN)(16)(C(7)H(6)N(2))(6)(H(2)O)](n), the coordination geometry of the W(V) atom is eight-coordinate dodeca-hedral, where four CN groups of [W(CN)(8)] are bridged to Cu(II) ions, and the other four CN groups are not bridged. The coordination geometries of the Cu(II) ions are five-coordinate pseudo-square-based pyramidal. There are two distinct Cu sites, which build and link the cyanido-bridged Cu-W ladder chains. Successive connections lead to the formation of a two-dimensional network. The H atoms of a coordinated water molecule and the imino groups form hydrogen bonds to the N atoms of non-bridged CN groups.

Poly[[diaqua-deca-µ-cyanido-hexa-cyanidobis-(4-cyano-pyridine)di-µ-pyrimidine-tricopper(II)ditungsten(V)] dihydrate].

In the polymeric title compound, {[Cu(3)W(2)(CN)(16)(C(4)H(4)N(2))(2)(C(6)H(4)N(2))(2)(H(2)O)(2)]·2H(2)O}(n), the coordination geometry of W is an eight-coordinated bicapped trigonal prism. Five of the CN groups of [W(CN)(8)] are bridged to Cu ions. The coordination geometries of the Cu atoms are each pseudo-octa-hedral; one Cu atom is located on a centre of inversion. The cyano-bridged W-Cu layers are linked by Cu-containing pillars, to form a three-dimensional network with cavities occupied by noncoordinated water and 4-cyano-pyridine mol-ecules.